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汉语重复结构的英译

发布日期:2013年05月08日

重复使用同一个字、词、短语甚至句子以强调作者的意思,加强语气和情感,取得更好的表达效果,这在修辞学上称为重复(Repetition)。
  如:
  1)最绿,最密的叶子是草的叶子。
  The greenest and most plentiful leaves are the leaves of grasses.
  2)每种语言都有特点,这些特点是在习惯使用中形成的,不论这些习惯正确与否,都得遵守。
  Every language has its peculiarities, they are established by usage, and whether fight or wrong, they must be complied with.
  英语也有重复,与汉语的重复修辞类似:
3)Scrooge went to bed again, and thought and thought,and thought it over and over.(Charles Dickens.A Christmas Carol)
  斯克鲁吉又上床去了,他想来想去,想呀想个没完。
  4)She stood by the window and looked out sadly at a gray cat walking along a gray fence in a gray backyard.(O.Henry.The Gifts)
  她站在窗子跟前,闷闷不乐地瞅着外面灰蒙蒙的后院,一只灰色的猫正在灰色的篱笆上行走。
  从以上例句,可以看出,英汉语中的重复有时可以对译,有时却不能。英译要用替代和省略来避免重复。本文探讨汉语重复结构的英译法。


  汉语重复的文化根源
  a. 汉语造句的传统
  汉语有散句(1oose sentences)和偶句(antithesis)之别,散句各句的结构不同,能将新信息不断输出,把人不断引向新信息点,表现“流利”的特点。而偶句,两两相对,回环往复,却有立定回嚼之感,所以它有凝重之妙。偶句夹在散句中,在急速流转之时突然回环立定,对于信息传递有“强化”的效果。
  刘勰说:“造物赋形,支体必双。神理为用,事不孤立。夫心生文辞,运裁百虑;高下相倾,自然成对。”对偶句是骈句,非对偶句是散句。对偶句讲究结构的同,散句讲究结构的异。“同”即结构的对称和整齐,“异”即句式的变化。两种句式各有不同效果,是有机的和谐统一。如宋代李涂所说:“文字须要数行齐整处,须有数行不齐整处。”刘知几说:“其为文也,大抵编字不只,捶句皆双,修短取均,奇偶相配。故应以一言蔽者辄足为二言,应以三句成文者必分为四句。”(史通•叙事)。
  童山东所著《修辞学的理论与方法》中认为汉话对偶句是汉族人思维的镜像。对偶体现了中国人整体性思维、直觉顿悟思维、注重对立面的特征,不管是写景、叙事和述理都要用它。童氏认为对偶可显示整体气氛,去掉其中一句或合并一句,整体气氛受到损害。他说,对偶句常常是上句为喻为兴,下旬为理为所言之事,两两相揉,其义便达;或全为喻寄,两句相因,相义自现。他认为这为直觉体悟提供了条件,并认为对偶句在内容上两两相对,对思维过程中注重事物的对立面相辅相成有净化作用。
  b. 现代汉语重复的意义
  汉民族的整体思维及美学观反映在语言上重意合。为使其语言明确而生动,文章求全面,不怕重复,词句求平衡与对称。而且,汉语的重复受制于汉语造句讲究对仗工整、音韵声律平衡。为达到结构的整齐美和音乐的韵律美,汉语在相邻的句子中表达同一意思时要求尽量使用相同音节数量的词,甚至是押尾韵。而当这样的词难以找到时,则重复用过的词语,“拿相同的字眼起头或收尾”(丁声树,1961)。英语的修辞讲究用词多样化,它的重复则是强调。停止的论点,悲观的论点,无所作为和骄傲自满的论点,都是错误的。(《毛主席语录》)这里,重复了“论点”,句子结构对仗工整,音韵声律平衡,突出修饰语的意义,即“停止”“悲观”“无所作为和骄傲自满”。此句英译时,不能照译汉语的句子结构,英译文是:Ideas of stagnation,pessimism,inertia and complacency are all wrong.三个“论点”只译出一个就够了。


  汉语重复的方式
  从英语看汉语重复,有三种方式被认为是忌讳的。
    a. 正反句
  对偶句在现代汉语里用得少了,但是对偶句的影响还在,还很大,还是文章好坏的标准。现代散文多用并列句,它是对偶句的变体,变体之一是正反陈述句。这就是,一个意思,先从正面说,再从反面说一遍,反之亦然。Joan Pinkham称这种情况为mirror-image statement(镜象重述),对此可照译,也可不译。如:
  1)原文:他强调说,国务院各部门在这场反腐斗争中有重要的责任,并且说他们的地位很重要。
  原译:He stressed that all State Council departments have an important responsibility in the struggle against corruption and said they are in a very important position.
  改译:He stressed that all State Council departments have an important responsibility in the struggle.
  2)原文:我们应该注意年度计划的制订,不可大意。
  译文:We should pay close attention to the formulation of annual plans and not neglect it.
  修改:We should pay close attention to the formulation of annual plans.
  3)原文:财政开支应该有个轻重缓急,而不应该平等对待。
  译文;Financial expenditures should be arranged in order of priority rather than be given equal status.
  修改:Financial expenditures should be arranged in order of priority.
  汉译英,因受汉语表达方式影响,按汉语字对字,短语对短语,从句对从句,汉语表达的语序没变,思维方式没变。所以,译出的英语句子有汉语句法的特点,即散句特点,按英语语法来说就是短句多,简单句多,并列句多。英美人写的英语句子特点是:复合句多并列句少,复杂句多简单句少,复合句简单句交叉使用。
  b. 解释句
  一个意思用不同的话说两遍,后句是对前句的解释。Joan Pinkham称这种情况为simple restatement(简单重述)。对此可省略不译。
  如:
  1)原文:我们必须节约,减少不必要的开支。
  原译:We must practice economy and reduce unnecessary expenditures.
  修改:We must practice economy.
  2)原文:我们必须清楚,是否犯了错误,如果犯了错误,我们必须知道是大错误或是小错误,严重不严重。
  原译:We must be clear whether a mistake has really been made and if it has.We must be able to tell whether it is a major or a minor one and whether it is serious or not.
  修改:We must be clear whether a mistake has really been made and if it has.We must be able to tell whether it is a major or a minor one.
  3)原文:必须控制环境污染,保护环境。
  原译:It is essential to control environmental pollution so as to protect the environment.
  修改:It is essential to control environmental pollution.
  c. 不言而喻
  前句话已蕴含后句话的意思,英译后者成为多余,可省去不译,或者对这种重述改换不同词语。如:
  1)原文:我们应该减少对企业的税收,以便让它们得到更多的利润,提高它们的财政能力。
  原译:We should reduce taxes on enterprises so as to allow them to retain more of their profits and thus increase their financial capacity.
修改:We should reduce taxes on enterprises so as to allow them to retain more of their profits.
  2)原文:中国的社会主义法律体系已经基本建立,改变了没有法律的状况。
  原译:China’s socialist system of law has now been basically established,so that the situation in which there were no laws has changed.
  修改:China’s socialist system of law has now been basically established.
  3)原文:为了保持经济稳定发展,我们必须制订出长期的经济稳定发展计划。
  原译:To maintain steady growth of the economy, we must implement a long-term policy of steady economic growth.
  改译:To keep the economy growing we must implement a long-term policy favorable to steady economic development.
  说明:前后两个“经济稳定发展”,英译文可用不同的词汇以避免重复。


  汉语重复的英译方法
  英语民族崇尚个体思维并认为整体只有与个体对立中才能存在,反映在语言上则重形合,用词造句讲究多样性。因此,汉语的重复被看成是冗余(redundancy),除非出于修辞的需要,英语往往采用替代和省略等手段来避免重复。
  a. 省略
  1)原文:那时,全国大片地方还没有实行土地改革,农民还没有完全到我们这边来。
  译文:The agrarian reform had not yet been carried out in vast areas of the country, nor had peasants come over entirely to our side.
  说明:“那时”因上下文清楚,不必译出。中文的时间状语或地点状语,如意思清楚时英文里不一定译出。例如“世界上”、“国内”有时就可以省略。
  2)原文:总而言之,条件成熟了的就可以办,条件不成熟的不要办,??
  译文:In short,such co-operatives can be set up where the conditions are ripe and not otherwise?
  ●说明:译文要比and should not be set up where they are not简洁多了。必须明白,英语中的重复多数被认为是不必要的,许多重复应当被省略。
  a1. 省略动词
  A)在同一个句子中或在其后的句子中,主句的动词或其后的宾语表语等一般不重复,如:
  The girls go to the movies when they want to.
  Dora studies only when she has to.
  The boys do not argue as much as they used to.
  1 want to work hard, and with your help I think 1 will be able to.
  以上句子中不定式to不能省。
  有时候,to可以省略,如:
  That boy is going to do a trick.He wants you to watch him.
  Johnny washes his hands only if his mother makes him.
  Sara wants to have dates,but her mother will not let her.
  如果重复动词前有助动词,助动词不可省:
  Peter works as hard as he can.
  I have finished the assignment.Have you?
    B)如果重复动词是一般现在时,可用代动词do代替,如果是过去式,用did,如:
  “Mary sings wee.’’“Yes.she does.’’
  You received a better grade in that class than I did.
  注意,程度或频度副词放在第二个动词前面,其它副词放在后面。如:
  Paul always says he will do better work next
  time,but he never does.
  I do not like to be late.but I frequently am.
  You used to study harder than you do now.
  Come as early as you call tomorrow.
  第一个动词可以是肯定的,第二个动词可以是否定的,反之亦然,如:
  John works hard,but Mary doesn’t.
  If your friends won’t tell you,who will?
  c)在比较句中,第二个动词时常要省略,如省略后不清楚就不能省略,如:
  William is as tall as his brother.
  Mother scolds me worse than she does Father.
  Mother scolds me worse than Father does.
  a2. 省略名词
  A)在“定名+定名”中,省前边的名词:
  The line between East and West Germany.(在and前边省略了Germany)
  A Dane and a Dutch person meeting in Rome will almost automatically find themselves speaking
  to each other in English.(A Dane后省略了person)
  Surely,in this respect,British an d American English have not diverged very much,have they? (And前省略了English)
  B)在比较级的句子中
  These pens are better than those.(Those后省略了pens)
  William’s mother is older than John’s.(John’s后省略了mother)
  a3. 在“冠名+冠名”中,省后边的冠词:
  Passing through a liquid or solid, sound is changed into heat.(此处Solid前省去冠词a)
  After the usual dawn trip outside,we could see on the wall the faded pictures of a man and woman and their children,dressed in Western clothes,and out in the big open front room, …(这里woman前省去冠词a)
  a4. 如果one前的描述性形容词前有the,那么这个one可以省去:
  Of all those sisters.Mary is the most beautiful [one].
  Let’s finish this exercise so we can go on to the next [one].
  I like this picture better than that [one].
  I like these pictures better than those [ones].
  Some of your answers were correct, but I do not remember which [one].
  If that hat does not fit, try another [one].
  b. 替代
  1)原文:一个地方有一个地方的全局,一个国家有一个国家的全局,全世界有世界的全局。
译文:A locality has its own over-all interests,a nation has another and the earth yet another.
  说明:汉语中重复了“全局”,而英语中用another代替第二、三个“全局”。
  2)原文:他摇摇头,我也摇摇头。
  译文:He shook his head and I did the same.
  说明:英语第一句是shook his head,第二句不能说I shook my head.须用代词the same,但汉语第二句必须重复,不能用代词。
  3)原文:现在它在世界上许多地方还在继续受打击,还被认为是毒草。
  译文:?This is still the case in many pans of the world.
  说明:《毛泽东选读》甲种本译为:It is still being attacked and is still regarded as a poisonous weed in many parts of the world.中文前一句已有,本句未予重复。英语里这种替代法很多,例如:
  b1. 用代词
  原文:一“Hm,”said Mark,“And so you want to buy my invention.’’
  一“Buy it? ”said G.H.Bondy hesitatingly.
  “I really don’t known? I haven’t even given it a thought? ’’
  译文:——“嗯,”马克说,“那么说你要买我的发明了。”
  — — “买你的发明?”邦迪吞吞吐吐地说:“不知道,??我还没有考虑这个问题。”
  说明:第一个代词it指invention,第二个it指buy it这件事。
  b2.  and vice versa
  此短语常译为“反之亦然”,“反过来也是这样”,其实汉语习惯上是再重说一遍反过来的事。例如:
  1)原文:Mechanical energy Can be changed into electrical energy and vice versa.
  译文:机械能可以变为电能,电能也可以变为机械能。
  2)原文:A poor heat insulator is a good conductor of heat,and vice versa.
  译文:隔热差的物体导热好,隔热好的物体导热差。
  b3. 以one代替可数名词
  I need a stamp. Do you have one?
  The grocer sells ripe bananas, not green ones.
  There are plenty of apples.Take one.
  如果one前边有形容词,要保留a
  If you want to hear a joke,1 will tell you a good one.
  These red apples look better than those green ones.
  As soon as you learn these dance steps. I will show you some others/other ones.
  b4. 以kind/sort代替不可数名词
  American food is not the same as the English kind.
  Slang disappears quickly,especially the juvenile sort.
  c. 倒装
  汉语的重复也可以用英语的倒装表示。
  1)原文:但我们缺乏物质基础这一点一时还不能变化,社会势力方面他们强于我们这一点一时也不会变化,因而达赖集团不愿意全部实行协定这一点一时也不会变化。
  译文:Nevertheless,since neither our lack of a material base nor their advantage over us in social influence will change for the time being,neither will the unwillingness of the Dalai clique to carry out the Agreement fully.
说明:这句译文比较简洁,三个“一时不会(能)变化”只出现一次,前面两个用neither?nor处理,最后一个用inversion处理,比用and the unwillingness of the Dalai clique to carry out Agreement fully will not change for the time being either要简练得多。
  2)原文;张三有政治纲领,李四也有政治纲领。
  译文;Zhang San had his own political program me and so did Li Si.
  3)原文:各人心中有数,他心中也是有数的。
  译文:Everybody knows which kind he comes under and so does he.
  说明:什么事情“心中有数”?英译文要加宾语,从上下文看,指的是爱国主义是真是假,还是半真半假,每个人心中有数。


  结语
  当然,不是汉语中所有的重复英语翻译都要避免。有时,为了尊重原作者的风格,要译出重复,对于强调的重复要译出,毛选里的重复基本上全都译出了。有时句子太长,内容复杂;或者句子虽然不长,但内容重要,应力求清晰,如用代词可能引起混淆;或者虽然读者不致误解,但不及重复更为清楚,就不必害怕重复。如:
  1)原文:中央要发展工业,地方也要发展工业。就是中央直属的工业,也还是要靠地方协助。
  译文:The central authorities want to develop industry ,and so do the local authorities.Even industries directly under the central authorities need assistance from the local authorities.
  说明:这里第二句的译文重复“中央”、“地方”,没有用the former,the latter来代替。这是主席关于调动中央和地方两积极性的原则和政策的论述,应力求清晰,便于外国读者掌握,不要害怕重复。有时想避免重复,用代词考虑不周,反而出错。如果中文里的重复是为了强调,那就更不能用代词来代替了。如:
  2)原文:没有一定的原则,没有一定的章程,没有一定的方向,??
  译文:They have no definite principles,no definite rules of conduct and no definite orientation•••
  说明:这里强调机会主义的没有原则、没有章程、没有方向,三个“一定的”不能省略。
  3)原文:马克思主义仍然必须在斗争中发展。马克思主义必须在斗争中才能发展,??
  译文:Marxism must continue to develop through struggle. Marxism can develop only through struggle? .
  说明:如果第二句用it来代替,显然削弱了强调语气。

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